For example, in China's national tire standards, American tire and rim manuals, European tire and rim standards, Japanese tire standards and international tire standards, they are all classified by use, which can be divided into the following types:
1. Car tire - is a tire installed on the car, it is mainly used for high-speed operation on good road surface, the maximum driving speed can reach more than 200 km / h, requiring a comfortable ride, low noise, good maneuverability and stability. Most of the tire structures are radial structures. According to the requirements of driving speed, it is divided into different series, and the common ones in the standards and manuals are 95 and 88 series for bias tires, and 80, 75, 70 and 65 series for radial tires.
2. Light-duty truck tires - usually refers to truck tires with a rim diameter of 16 inches or less and a cross-sectional width of 9 inches or more. This type of tire is mainly used on highways, and the driving speed can generally reach 80~100km/h.
3. Truck and bus tires usually refer to trucks, dump trucks, various special and trailer tires with rim diameter of 18~24 inches and a cross-sectional width of 7 inches or more. The driving surface is more complex, there are good asphalt roads, there are also poor gravel roads, dirt roads, muddy roads, ice and snow roads, and even no road conditions, etc., and the driving speed is generally not more than 80km/h.
4. Construction machinery tires - construction machinery tires are installed on construction machinery vehicles for special operations, such as loaders, bulldozers, excavators, land levelers, road rollers and stone work machines. The travel speed is not high, but the road conditions and load performance used are demanding. The tires mainly use a bias tire structure, but for example, the French Michelin wheel (Cantonese, called Michelin in Mandarin) company also uses a radial structure. From the classification of tire section width, it can be divided into two series: standard tires and broad-based tires.
5. Off-road vehicle tires – Off-road vehicles are front-wheel drive. Off-road vehicle tires are mainly driven on bad roads such as deserts, muddy ground, soft soil or other roadless roads, requiring tires to have high passing performance, off-road tires often use low air pressure, and some also use pressure-regulating tires to adjust the size of tire pressure according to road conditions. In order to improve the off-road passability, measures such as widening the tire section and rim width, and reducing the rim diameter are generally adopted to increase the grounding area and reduce the grounding pressure. In addition to the bias tire structure, the tire structure also uses a radial structure.
6. Tires for agricultural and forestry machinery – Agricultural tires are mainly used on tractors, combines and agricultural implements. Forestry machinery tires are mounted on forestry tractors and forestry machinery to carry out forestry harvesting, skidding, shoveling and excavation operations. These two types of tires are characterized by low speed requirements, but their use conditions are harsh, often driving on poor condition of field roads and hard stubble or gravel mountain roads, and even no road surface, tires are easy to be scratched or cut. Another feature is intermittent operation, short mileage, but long service life, so the tire is required to have good flexural crack resistance and aging resistance. The tires are mainly biased structures, but they also use radial structures.
7. Industrial vehicle tires - mainly used for pneumatic tires, semi-solid tires and solid tires on industrial vehicles. It is divided into battery car tires, forklift tires and flat car tires.
8. Motorcycle tires – tires used on motorcycles. These include motorcycle tires, moped tires, and small-diameter motorcycle tires.
9. Aviation tires – pneumatic tires used on aviation aircraft.
10. Special vehicle tires - including gun truck tires, tank tires, armored vehicle tires, desert tires, explosion-proof vehicle tires, etc.
11. Power car tires – pneumatic tires for bicycles, tricycles, and trolleys. It is divided into bias tires and radial tires. The fundamental difference between radial tires and bias tires is the carcass. The carcass of the diagonal tire is a ply layer with diagonal crossing; The carcass of radial tires is made of polymer multi-layer cross material, and the top layer is several layers of steel cord made of steel wire, which can reduce the chance of the tire being punctured by foreign objects.
The cords of bias tires are arranged in diagonal crossings, hence the name. It is characterized by the strength of the tread and the sidewall, but the sidewall stiffness is larger, the comfort is poor, and it is not suitable for high-speed driving due to the large movement and friction between the ply layers at high speed. As radial tires continue to improve, bias tires will be largely phased out. The cord arrangement direction of the radial tire is consistent with the radial section of the tire, and its cord layer is equivalent to the basic skeleton of the tire. Because the tire has to bear a large tangential force when driving, in order to ensure the stability of the cord, there are several layers of belt layer (also known as hoop tightening layer) made of high-strength and non-stretching material on the outside, and the cord direction is at a large intersection angle with the radial section. In terms of design, bias tires have many limitations, such as due to the strong friction of the crossed cords, the carcass is prone to heat, so it accelerates the wear of the tread, and its cord layout does not provide excellent handling and comfort; The steel ribbon in the radial tire has better flexibility to adapt to the irregular impact of the road surface, and is durable, and its cord structure also means that there is much less friction than the diagonal line when the car is driving, so as to obtain a longer tread service life and better fuel economy. At the same time, radial tires themselves have characteristics that make it possible for tires to be tubeless. Tubeless tires have the well-established advantage of not bursting like a bias tire with an inner tube (which is very dangerous) when the tire is punctured, but allows the tire to maintain air pressure for a period of time, improving the driving safety of the car. In addition, radial tires have better grip than bias tires. Compared with ordinary slash tires, radial tires have large elasticity, good wear resistance, low rolling resistance, good adhesion performance, good cushioning performance, large bearing capacity, and are not easy to puncture; The disadvantage is that the sidewall is easy to crack, due to the large lateral deformation, the lateral stability of the car is slightly poor, the manufacturing technology requirements are high, and the cost is high.